LED blinking circuit

Short introduction describing what the project is, what it does, and where it is commonly used.

1. Objective of the Project

Clearly explain the purpose of this project. What problem does it solve? Why is it useful in real-world electronics applications?

2. Working Principle

Explain how the circuit works in simple but technical terms. Describe signal flow, current paths, and key components involved.

3. Circuit Diagram

The schematic diagram of the project is shown below.

Project schematic diagram
Figure 1 — Circuit schematic

4. Component List

  • Resistors: values and wattage
  • Capacitors: values and voltage ratings
  • Semiconductors: ICs, BJTs, MOSFETs
  • Relay / Transformer / Speaker (if applicable)
  • Power supply requirements

5. Design Calculations

Explain the important calculations involved in the design. This may include resistor selection, cutoff frequency, bias current, power dissipation, etc.

6. PCB Design (Optional)

If available, include PCB layout images or KiCad files.

  • PCB size
  • Track width considerations
  • Grounding strategy

7. Testing and Adjustment

Describe how to test the circuit safely. Include expected voltages, signals, and behavior.

8. Common Problems and Troubleshooting

  • No output
  • Distortion or noise
  • Overheating components
  • Incorrect biasing

9. Applications

  • Home audio systems
  • Professional equipment
  • Educational demonstrations
  • DIY electronics projects

10. Advantages and Limitations

Advantages

  • Simple design
  • Low cost
  • Easy to build

Limitations

  • Limited performance compared to advanced designs
  • Component tolerance sensitivity

11. Conclusion

Summarize the project, its usefulness, and why it is worth building.